Nel tardo medioevo e per tutto il Seicento il “computator” è colui che sa calcolare le distanze temporali con il calendario, il tempi soprattutto confusi.
Solo negli anni ‘4 del Seicento il “computer” è "one
who calculates, a reckoner, one whose occupation is to make arithmetical
calculations,"
"Computer" comes from the Latin "putare"
which means both to think and to prune. Virgil's Georgics - depictions of
country life - speak of tidying vines by pruning (fingitque putando).
Tacito scrisse "Se si conta il numero dei
soldati…" (si numerus militum putatur).
And English has used "compute" for centuries. In
1660 Samuel Pepys wrote of a morning "computing the 30 ships' pay… and it
comes to £6,538. I wish we had the money."
A "computer" used to be a person who did
calculations. In 1731 the Edinburgh Weekly Journal advised young married women
to know their husbands' income "and be so good a Computer as to keep
within it."
Meaning "calculating machine" (of any type) is
from 1897; in modern use, "programmable digital electronic device for
performing mathematical or logical operations," 1945 under this name (the
thing itself was described by 1937 in a theoretical sense as Turing machine).
ENIAC (1946) usually is considered the first.
One early electronic device was the Atanasoff Berry Computer
constructed at Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942. In his paper
proposing the machine, John Atanasoff actually used "computer" in
both senses.
I Francia nel primo Novecento si parla del tassametro dei
taxi come "compteur mecanique".
Sir Thomas Browne nato nel Cheapside in London nel 1605 e
morto nel 1682, nel suo libro Pseudodoxia Epidemica or Enquiries into very many
received tenets and commonly presumed truths
parla di computer come di coloro che devono conteggiare i giorni sul
calendario
The context of Browne’s use of the word makes it clear that
the word ‘computer’ is here being used to refer to someone who makes a
calculation, specifically about dates.
Charles Babbage, progetta i suoi Difference Engine,
Analytical Engine dove per la prima volta si parla di una macchina dotata
di Store, Mill, (Clock) / Memoria, Processore, (Frequenza di calcolo)
Charles Babbage arriva a Torino nel 1840 e presenta la sua
maccjoina al Secondo convegno degli scienziati italiani, invitato da Plana
E QUI LA STORIA SI RIALLACCIA AL CALCOLO DEL TEMPO: Tra il
1831 e il 1835 Giovanni Plana realizzò un calendario perpetuo valido per 4000
anni, chiamato Calendario Meccanico Universale, ad oggi custodito nella
Cappella del Mercanti a Torino.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A3zPJTXdbE8&ab_channel=MeysamNasiri
Federico Menabrea diffonde le idee di Babbage ad Ada
Lovelace…
L’AVVENTURA DELLA OLIVETTI
Roberto Olivetti, Mario Tchou ( Columbia University, 1954)
Adriano Olivetti, Mario Tchou (ELEA 9003, 1959)
Pier Giorgio Perotto, Gastone Garziera, Giovanni De Sandre, Giuliano Galli, Giancarlo Toppi (Barbaricina, poi Pregnana) Programma 101 , 1963-1965) design Mario Bellini,
Federico Faggin , Intel 4004 (1971)
DOCUMENTARIO: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2RjIRKIetP8&ab_channel=WalterBrollo
https://www.lozac.it/sites/default/files/allegati/151209%20homo%20sapiens.pdf
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